Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity, from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development, can lead to seizures. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, changes in important features of brain cells called channels, or some combination of these and other factors.
One single seizure often does not warrant treatment unless co-existing with other neurological features, or abnormal EEG or brain imaging.
Possible triggers of epilepsy:
- Stress or anxiety.
- Some medicines such as antidepressants, and antipsychotic medication (these lower the seizure threshold in the brain).
- Lack of sleep, or tiredness.
- Irregular meals (or skipping meals) may cause a low blood sugar level.
- Heavy alcohol intake or using street drugs.
- Flickering lights such as from strobe lighting or video games.
- Periods (menstruation).
- Illnesses that cause a high temperature (fever), such as flu or other infections.
When to see a doctor?
If you witness someone having a seizure, call an ambulance immediately if:
- The seizure happens in the water, or you think this might be the person's first seizure
- The seizure lasts more than five minutes
- Another seizure starts right after the first
- The person can't be awakened after the movements have stopped
- The person has several seizures and doesn't regain consciousness between them
- The person is pregnant or has another condition, such as heart disease or diabetes
- The person injures themselves during the seizure
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350098
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Epilepsy-Information-Page